校園霸凌，對受害學童的傷害不但止於精神心理層面，真…－susanntrnxv3@outlook.com

帕拉烏安語翻譯

(注1)Verbal Abuse by Peers in Childhood Linked to Poor Psychiatric Outcomes, Altered Brain Function. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1464-1471.)

關於霸凌，之前眾多的文獻資料多集中於商量學童心理及社會層面的影響，而未及於解剖生理學上的證據。

但是，如今卻呈現明白的醫學證據，顯示此霸凌行為簡直會對特定大腦組織呈現可驗證性的危險!!

(注2)解離症指的是在記憶、自華頓翻譯公司意識或認知的功能上的崩解翻譯起因每每是極大的壓力或極深的創傷。

憑據著名的美國哈佛醫學院(Harvard Medical School in Boston翻譯社 Massachusetts)揭橥在本期美國精神醫學期刊(Verbal Abuse by Peers in Childhood Linked to Poor Psychiatric Outcomes, Altered Brain Function. 2010年12月號，注1)裡進行的一項回溯性研究(retrospective study)

童年期間的說話霸凌事務 在醫學面向上有以下幾項重點:

比來，接二連三的校園霸凌(bullying)事件，引起了社會各界的普遍注重翻譯

1.同儕加害者的說話霸凌水平，與被霸凌者的受危險程度，存在著劑量依靠效應(dose-dependent effect)翻譯受害者隨後呈現的情感症狀包括:焦炙症、憂鬱症、憤怒性敵意、解離症(注2)、吸毒和"情緒煩躁不安"(anxiety, depression, anger-hostility翻譯社 dissociation翻譯社 drug use, and "limbic irritability."。)

2.遭到明顯語言霸凌的小孩，呈現臨床上顯著憂鬱症的風險可以增至2倍，焦慮症及情感煩躁的風險可增至3至4倍，而解離症的風險可增高至10倍。("Substantial exposure was associated with a greater than twofold increase in clinically significant ratings of depression, a threefold to fourfold increase in anxiety and 'limbic irritability,' and 10-fold increase in dissociation" )

3.霸凌沒必要嚴重至肢體暴力程度，僅僅是冷笑、鄙視、赤誠等說話性暴力(ridicule翻譯社 disdain翻譯社 humiliation)，即足以造成上述大腦危險翻譯

4.青少年6到8年級(11至14歲)的青少年特別容易受說話霸凌危險。( the middle school years, when children are between the ages of 11 and 14 years翻譯社 appear to be a time when they are particularly vulnerable to such abuse.)

5.霸凌事宜最令人憂心的是，引發受害者的傷害不但是體現在心理及精力層面，連負責連結擺佈大腦半球的胼胝體(corpus callosum)及負責保持大腦皮質區的放射冠( corona radiata)(位置請見下圖)的大腦組織心理佈局也會泛起與受同儕語言霸凌水平正相幹的異常轉變。(diffusion tensor imaging studies in a subset of individuals revealed a link between degree of exposure to peer verbal abuse and abnormalities in the corpus callosum, a "massive fiber tract that interconnects the left and right hemispheres," and in the corona radiata, which contains axons that carry almost all of the neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex.)

6.平均而言，男性比女性更輕易遭到霸凌。說話暴力與性行為仿佛有相幹性。女性受害者往後較易出現解離症狀與情緒煩躁不安，而男性受害者日後則較易出現福壽膏濫用問題。(On average, males reported a substantially greater degree of exposure to peer verbal abuse than females. The study also revealed interactions between peer verbal abuse and sex, with females scoring higher on measures of dissociation and "limbic irritability" and males reporting greater drug use.)